Impact of Television on the Indian population.

Impact of Television on the Indian population. Free Online Research Papers Ever since the advent of modern communication technology that has allowed people around the world to communicate ever so easily, the world itself seems like a smaller space. Broadcasting is an especially effective manner through which millions of people are able to become unified on the basis that they are common recipients of a particular message. One of the most powerful transmitters of these messages is of course the television; programs of which can be seen around the world to serve many purposes. In most contemporary societies, television is a highly influential medium of Popular culture and plays an important role in the social construction of reality. (Morgan, 1990) The effects of television should therefore be recognized as having the ability to alter social, economic and political situations in its places of propagation and beyond. I will be exploring these cultural shifts in detail pertaining to India, a developing nation undergoing a grand cultural shift in part due to the rapid growth of satellite television in the 1990’s and its programming. Television is unlike any other medium of mass communication in that its social effects are prominent, and able to prompt substantial change. The strong cultural influence of television on developing nations can therefore be linked to the following factors as outlined in the book â€Å"Media and Social Changes: the modernizing influences of television in rural India.† First, television programming is easily accessible and inexpensive, which is mainly due to the fact that American television is sold inexpensively around the world after profits in its home market have already been made. Television’s potency is also a result of its broad scope and diversity of programs which therefore makes it appealing to almost anybody. Yet another reason for television’s mass appeal is its benign presence, which allows viewers to be in control of what they watch, how much they watch and when to watch it. (Johnson, 2001) Ultimately, it is these factors that propel the reliance on the medium which has the power to inflict many societal changes in developing nations such as India. Through the examination of diverse groups in India such as rural villagers, youth, women and the middle class, I intend to illustrate the vast social and cultural changes taking place in a culturally rich country, in large part due to the relatively recent popularity of television throughout the country. According to statistics the population in India was: ( see appendix 1) In 2000, it was 1,003 million people. In 2001, it was 1,019 million people. In 2002, it was 1,050 million people. In 2003, it was 1,060 million people. In 2004, it was 1,080 million people. In 2005, it was 1,094 million people. In 2006, it was 1,110 million people. While almost 75 percent of India’s one billion people live in villages,(Johnson 2001) their thoughts and actions consequently have a large influence on the country’s social, political and economic state. One of the most prolific changes in village life which can be linked directly to the influence of television is rise of consumerism in rural India. Just as we are enveloped with advertisements and endorsements which propel us to purchase that which we deem necessary, the same is true in rural India in which such things as blue jeans and hand cream have become necessities. Villagers themselves acknowledge this growing need: â€Å"I want many things that my parents never had. I want a motorcycle and a nice colour TV, I want to eat mutton once a week instead of three times a year† (Johnson 2001) Through this illustration, it is evident that needs are certainly growing and it is due to television and advertisements that the economically dependent third world is now being internally pressured to make shifts that may not be financially possible yet incredibly desirable. Another growing desire of the rural Indian population is to become urbanized, leading to a shift in behaviour and relationships.(Johnson, 2001) Not only do these villagers want to mimic the representations of their urban counterparts by changing their attire and consumer goods, their attitudes are also altered as a result. Such phenomenon can be seen as a positive shift which allows modern attitudes to flourish, through which more sensitivity and emotion are finding their ways into the rigid caste system and competition, therefore adding sentimental value to various relationships. In the case of rural parts of developing nations, mediation may also be useful as a way of educating villagers about their own country. The programs that are seen by the villagers are those which are produced in India yet reflect a Western undercurrent of values and lifestyles. The rural audience is therefore able to learn about other parts of their own country, which is useful due to the fact that many do not venture far from their village for touring purposes. Although touring the country may not be prioritized, with the glamorization of urban life through the media, many villagers are moving to urban centers in search for a better life. (Johnson 2001) The implications of such a shift are obvious in that the villages that are being abandoned are at a disadvantage, yet the urban cities have nothing to gain other than more overcrowding. Although the middle class in India is generally more urbanized and therefore more in touch with the globalizing effects of media, they resemble the villagers in terms of the effects of television on their daily lives. While villagers are enticed with what is outside their village, the urban middle class is able to see the correlation between the foreign and national trademarks. â€Å"Multinational companies consistently attempt to associate their products with signifiers of the Indian nation, for instance through sponsorship of the Indian Olympic team in the 1996 Olympics or through more subtle references to specifically Indian conditions such as the monsoon season† (Fernandes, 2000) While conglomerates such as Pepsi and Coke are striving to merge the Indian identity with their brands by sponsoring sporting events and relying on Indian celebrity endorsements, the Indian audience fails to see that what they see as sponsorship for India’s pride is actually a mere scheme to boost consumerism. It is therefore evident that just as the rural class is becoming increasingly commoditized, the middle class urban population is no different. Although many televised advertisements tug on the nationalized heartstrings, many direct correlations are also made between Indian cities and North American or European ones. In this sense, the existence of the Indian city dwellers is being justified on the basis of their city’s comparison to Western cities. It is through these processes that Indian’s are made to feel that they are being recognized, but the concern is whether this recognition is strong if it is formulated through comparison. While many of these discr ete messages are being transmitted through television and advertisements, they are transforming into ideals; and, just as the rural population is in search for an urban setting, the urban dwellers are looking towards Western societies for opportunity. According to static’s result India spends so much for their TV advertisements. (See appendix 2.) In 2002 US $718 million was spent out of US $ 37,682. In 2003 US $848 million was spent out of US $ 44,413. In 2004 US $ 899million was spent out of US $ 51,812. In 2005 US $1,034 million was spent out of US $ 61,478. In 2006 US $1,189 million was spent out of US $ 67,672. The effects of commercialism cannot be underestimated. Today’s children are besieged by manipulative commercial messages day in and day out, on TV, and even at school. Companies hire psychologists to help them target children and manipulate them; this is called the art of whine-making. The bombardment of commercial messages has created a sense of chronic dissatisfaction in children and, many psychologists think that is has contributed to the increase in teen depression. In terms of programming, television shows are either American, or Indian imitations of them. â€Å"Programs targeted specifically at the middle class are often characterized by a hybridized language which combines Hindi and English.This mixture, termed ‘Hinglish’ by the popular media, combines Hindi and English in different television shows† (Fernandes, 2000) Through this very example it is evident that Westernized ideals are seeping into Indian mainstream media through the use of television. Moreover, an important shift to consider is that while English is becoming increasingly predominant, the non-English speakers are being marginalized and degraded in their own home country. Secondly, the predominance of Hindi as the main language on television weakens the diverse languages spoken in India which have contributed to its cultural heritage for centuries. One of the most prominent examples of the hybrid of Indian and American culture is through the phenomenon of MTV and youth culture in India. â€Å"The two main foreign-owned music television channels operating in India, News Corporation’s Channel [V] and Viacom’s MTV, have followed a market strategy of aggressive â€Å"Indianization.† This has taken the form of programs featuring Indian film songs and music videos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Juluri, 2002) Although it may hold true that television which is geared towards youth may support Indian entertainment, these channels directly model the American versions of them; therefore, enforcing a global Americanized culture upon middle-class Indian youth. Consumerism is extremely prominent among this group due to the cultural icons represented through music videos and advertisements, along with their parent’s willingness to support such spending. This seems to hold true as a characteristic of youth culture across the globe, which raises the question of whether this global identity was created to homogenize this particular group. Yet another concern that satellite television and its growing Western influence has brought about is the generational reformation of these viewers. â€Å"†¦ graduate students of classical dance and mainly Telugu Channel [V] viewers and say that they have frequently experienced discomfort (and so have their parents)because of the growing trend of obscenity in Telugu film songs (including nudity, suggestive body movements, and â€Å"double-meaning† lyrics).† (Juluri 2002) Families were once able to enjoy programs without any discrepancy among parents and children, the ever growing influence of Western ideology that ‘sex sells’ in the media has transgressed into the Indian market, and led to reformation of the family unit, creating obvious distinctions between tastes. The new trends in television broadcasting may therefore effectively deconstruct the family unit as the Western ideals transgressing through Indian television are slowly creating gaps within the home. Some young viewers of these provocative music videos seem to think that due to their promiscuous nature, that these television programs are also being aired in the West; (Juluri 2002) however, it is this misconception that demonstrates the young Indian’s desire to be recognized by its American counterparts. This ideal requires placing cultural regulations on the backburner, meeting and enjoying Westernized standards and masking them with an overarching Indian identity, all in a subconscious attempt to escape that very identity. Study has shown Television viewing occupied 10.9% of an adolescent time that is about 12 hours per week. 90% of this viewing occurred at home, 73% was done with other family members including 7% with grandparents, uncles, or aunts. This indicates that TV viewing is a typical family activity. Adolescents’ rates of viewing were correlated with mothers’ rates of viewing, with rates for both higher when mothers were unemployed. Adolescents’ TV rates were also correlated with fathers’ rates and with fathers’ type of unemployment. Study has prove, during TV viewing adolescents reported lower than average challenge, worry, and paying attention and higher than average choice, clam and relaxation. In short TV viewing of the middle class Indian youth is a relaxed antidote to the stress of the day that they share with their families. Television has a major impact on toddlers it influences their viewing habits throughout their lives. Since toddlers have a strong preference for cartoons and other programs that have characters that move fast, there is considerable likelihood that they will be exposed to large amounts of violence. Children do not become full-fledged viewers until around the age of two-and-a-half. As toddlers, they begin to pay more attention to the television set when it is on. They develop a limited ability to extract meaning from television content. At the age of eight, children are more likely to be sensitive to important moderating influences of television content, and will not become more aggressive themselves if the violence they see is portrayed as evil, as causing human suffering, or as resulting in punishment or disapproval. However, they are especially likely to show increased aggression from watching violent television if they believe the violence reflects real life, if they identify with a violent hero, or if they engage in aggressive fantasies. One major group which television watching has effected is the age group between 5-13 years of age. Television violence is accompanied by vivid production features; preschoolers are predisposed to seek out and pay attention to violence- particularly cartoon violence. It is not the violence itself that makes the cartoons attractive to preschoolers, but the accompanying vivid production features. With this preference for cartoons, preschoolers are being exposed to a large number of violent acts in their viewing day. Moreover, they are unlikely to be able to put the violence in context, since they are likely to miss any subtlety conveyed mitigating information concerning motivation and consequences. Preschoolers behave more aggressively than usual in their play after watching any high-action exciting television content, but mostly after watching violent television. Another important group that has faced major identity transformations, sparked by the engagement in television is women. In recent years, viewers of Indian film and television have witnessed a shift from portrayals of females as innocent and subordinate in nature, into independent sexual beings. (Malhotra, 2000) While India’s strong traditional heritage has always been significantly characterized by the traditional roles of women as homemakers and mothers, the portrayal of women on television has challenged this ideal, and therefore cultivated a new perception of womanhood for the Indian woman. â€Å"In the 1990s, the Indian ideal of female beauty changed to become more aligned with the Western concept of ‘thin is beautiful’. This change can be unhealthy because the average female Indian body type generally includes large hips.† (Malhotra, 2000) It is therefore evident that the increasing popularity of Western norms through television can be equated with the changing attitudes of Indian females and their bodies. The concern here is obviously the potential damage these ideals may inflict upon the health and self esteem of women exposed to such figures. One particular article which examined the portrayal of women in Indian television states, â€Å"Although many of the programs continued to relegate women to the role of either the glamorous host or the traditional housewife, there were many examples of non-traditional roles for women.† (Malhotra, 2000) Whereas traditional roles are still portrayed, and certain qualities are equated with feminism, the diversity in female roles can be viewed as an indication that women now have choices to fit into those roles that appeal to them. Through television, a range of options are presented, therefore reflecting the potential flexibility of women’s lives. The concern that arises in this case is the harsh reality of Indian culture that is caught between two contradictory gender role portrayals which may either promote female independence, or discourage it altogether. It is therefore important to consider those women who desire liberation, and are held back because they don’t coincide with traditional norms and expectations. The very concept of woman has been revolutionized by the integration of Western ideals and practices that are seeping into Indian-produced television. Conflicts are therefore surfacing which pertain to the issues of female identity. Similarly, with the recent uproar of music-based television, Indian youth culture is flourishing into an ‘Indianized’ group which depends on Western ideals to propel their tastes. This consequently, is creating drifts within the nuclear family structure, and producing a generation gap. The urban middle class, as well as rural villagers are also affected in that they now utilize commodities as a signifier of rank, and these commodities are determined by conglomerate advertising through mainstream Indian television. Television watching and physical activity both are related to obesity. However this has been investigated mainly in children. Television viewing takes up 10.9% of an adolescent’s time (about 12 hours per week) study proves. Children get glued to the television and do not exercise. They watch one program after another with out giving them self’s a break. They do not even have half an hour to do any kind of physical activities. This finally results in obesity. Socially, one of the greatest problems plaguing India today is the consequences of Americanization. Indian’s have eroticized the culture of America to such a degree where they do not realize that they are constantly consuming high priced merchandise at the expense of their own enriched diverse culture. The Indian economy is so motivated by the capital gain from multinationals that they often try to counterbalance the impact of the western images by enforcing radical Nationalistic themes. The growing popularity of television in all parts of India is therefore making way for a homogenized Indian culture whose cultural identity is becoming ever so fragile. Appendix 1. Asia Pacific Demographics Population By Country (Million) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006(P) Australia 18.8 18.8 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.3 20.7 China 1,267 1,267 1,287 1,287 1,299 1,307 1,307 Hong Kong 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 India 1,003 1,019 1,050 1,060 1,080 1,094 1,110 Indonesia 210 213 216 235 238 219 221.9 Japan 126.9 127.3 127.4 127.6 127.7 127.6 127.6 Malaysia 23.3 24.0 24.5 25.1 25.6 26.1 26.6 New Zealand 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 Philippines 76.5 77.9 79.5 84.6 86.2 84.2 84.4 Singapore 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 n.a. South Korea 47.0 47.4 47.6 47.8 48.1 48.2 48.5 Taiwan 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 Thailand 60.5 62.9 62.8 63.1 62.0 62.4 62.4 Appendix 2. Asia Pacific Demographics TV Advertising Expenditure By Country (US$ Million) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006(P) Australia 1,963 2,159 2,322 2,441 2,504 China 12,520 18,138 23,971 30,797 36,612 Hong Kong 702 766 845 900 1,019 India 718 848 899 1,034 1,189 Indonesia 864 1,208 1,436 1,810 2,145 Japan 15,172 14,989 15,838 17,080 16,426 Malaysia 249 270 352 354 368 New Zealand 339 389 423 438 461 Philippines 940 1,169 1,348 1,912 2,218 Singapore 405 422 489 453 311 South Korea 2,113 1,991 1,878 2,245 2,323 Taiwan 959 998 1,016 959 930 Thailand 738 866 995 1,055 1,166 Total 37,682 44,213 51,812 61,478 67,672 Bibliography Fernandes, Leela. â€Å"Nationalizing the global: media images, cultural politics and the middle class in India† Media Culture Society, 22 (2000): 611-628. Johnson, Kirk. â€Å"Media and Social Change: the modernizing influences of television in rural India† Media Culture Society. 23 (2001): 147 169. Juluri, Vamsee. â€Å"Music Television and the Invention of Youth Culture in India† Television New Media, 3 (2002): 367 386. Morgan, M. and N. Signorielli (1990) ‘Cultivation Analysis: Conceptualization and Methodology’, pp. 13–34 in N. Signorielli and M. Morgan (eds) Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Malhotra, S and E. Rogers. â€Å"Satellite television and the new Indian woman† Gazette, 62 (2000): 407-430. â€Å"Brand Equity TV Rating.† Retrieved June 23, 2007, from brandequity.com.my/Charts/AsiaPacific/Population_by_Country.htm. â€Å"Brand Equity – TV Rating.† Retrieved June 23, 2007 from brandequity.com.my/Charts/AsiaPacific/asiapacific_tv_advertising.html. â€Å"Impact of Television† Retrieved June 25, 2007 from http://world.std.com/~jlr/comment/tv_impact.htm. 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Types of Problem-Solving Assignments

Types of Problem-Solving Assignments The purpose of problem-solving assignments is to get students accustomed to dealing with real world situations. The answers in the workplace will not be handed to someone on a silver platter, one needs to find a solution independently. Problem-solving assignments exist to help students build up their critical thinking skills while looking for solutions to real-world problems, based on facts, and not their opinion. Some problem-solving assignments require in-depth research and will be a process to come up with an acceptable and reasonable answer. Some problem-solving assignments will have a solution and it’s up to the students to analyze if it’s the best solution. There could be other solutions that would have made a greater impact and it’s up to a student to reflect and compare what is known today. Why Problem Solving Assignments Are Important The purpose of problem-solving assignments is to get students accustomed to dealing with real world situations. The answers in the workplace will not be handed to someone on a silver platter, one needs to find a solution independently. A person must be confronted with a problem and understand what it takes to solve it and do it systematically. What works for one will not work for all. However, a person should be able to explain how they have come to the conclusion and solved that problem. THE ART OF EFFECTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING Problem solving is used in every industry. The more comfortable a person is utilizing their own critical thinking skills, the better prepared they are for a career. Problem solving involves strong mental capabilities and can be used for something as simple as a math problem to something more elaborate and complex regarding a person’s future goals. Whatever the problem or issue may be, a workable solution should be met. Types of Problem Solving Assignments There are five main types of problem-solving assignments. There are various methods to solve each type, but it’s up to students to use their own cognitive abilities to solve. They must use all available resources. The five problem-solving assignment types are the following: analytical, informational, argumentative, reflective, and expressive. A student will find that many of the problem-solving assignments intertwine with each other. Analytical Problem-Solving Assignments Analytical problem-solving assignments involve student’s ability to connect ideas. A student should be able to break down the problem into parts and analyze each as to get a clear understanding of what is being asked. Analytical problem solving typically is the foundation of every type of problem-solving assignment. Informational Problem-Solving Assignments Informational problem-solving assignments involve a student’s ability to summarize the problem. Informational problem solving is like a puzzle. A student must break each piece out so it is clear what the problem is. Again, students must analyze the problem at hand and be able to clearly communicate the problem and its solution. Argumentative Problem-Solving Assignments Argumentative problem-solving assignments involve students ability to state a claim and back the claim up with supportive evidence. A student may not always be asked to formulate their argument based on what they stand for. They may be asked to formulate their argument based on a con to get them to analyze both sides of the problem. Reflective Problem-Solving Assignments Reflective problem-solving assignments involve students ability to look at past experiences and reflect upon them. This is often an assignment to get the student to think what they have learned from a situation. Expressive Problem-Solving Assignments Expressive problem-solving assignments involve students ability to express how they feel regarding a situation. This will require a student to use their reflective problem-solving skills. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS Tips for Tackling Problem-Solving Assignments There is not just one method of solving problems. However, there are basic procedures a person should follow to break down what the problem is and how to formulate a solution. Here are a few very important tips on dealing with problem-solving assignments: Tip 1. Students should lay out a map in their heads to think what approach they should take. Pinpoint the issue and start formulating a thesis statement to concentrate on the problem. Tip 2. When formatting the assignment, ensure they have validated that there is a problem. This includes a thorough statement of the problem, any cause and effect relationships, who the problem affects, and the reason a new solution should be met. Tip 3. Next, evaluate all possible solutions. This may include stating what tactics have been tried in the past if it worked or did not work, and what solutions may have worked better than others, and why. Tip 4. Finally, when formatting the assignment, clearly define the solution, why it is the best solution of possible solutions available, and what resources are needed to make it work. Tip 5. Students should realize that not all solutions to a problem will be the most amiable. It’s important to analyze the good and bad. Tip 6. Students could view the problem as a puzzle. They can create an idea or storyboard and break the facts out. They can use whatever methods necessary to link ideas to possible solutions. Illustrations go a long way. Tip 7. An important key with problem solving is to always ask why, when, where, who, and how. Why did the problem occur or exist? When did the problem occur? Where did the problem occur? Who caused the problem or is affected by it? How can the problem be rectified? Tip 8. A student should not be afraid of taking risks. Again, there are advantages and disadvantages of problem solving and their solutions. Problem-solving assignments are meant to boost students critical thinking skills. It helps them become organized. Critical thinking is used in everyday life situations and is primarily useful once a student starts their career. If a student can remember to answer the basic why, when, where, who, and how questions, they will be able to formulate the majority of the problem-solving assignment. PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES At we provide assistance with problem-solving assignments as well. If youve come to grips with a problem assignment that you are unable to tackle, wed be glad to assist you. We have assisted dozens of students through their problem-solving tasks, so feel free to contact us! We will select the writer with a suitable background, who will help you through your problem-solving assignment and will ensure it contains proper language, formatting, flows nicely, is fully original and fully matches your requirements. is happy to be your academic advisor! Just place an order and get your professionally written paper on time.

Segmentation and target market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Segmentation and target market - Research Paper Example In the successful marketing of any product, it is important to analyze various aspects of the particular market. Analyzing Germany’s market is imperative and the manner through which this is done is by looking at the P.E.S.T situation of the country and looking at the different strategies that Henkel Electronic Materials can incorporate to make the marketing even more effective. Henkel has been an independent company in Germany and the owner country has been a democratic nation for well over a century now; thus, the political environment is reputable for the marketing of the product. This is from the fact that with the democracy, the government does not inhibit the citizens from purchasing products at will. Moreover, the democracy also allows South Korea, the producer of the product, to venture into the German market easily and consequently have increased sales of the Samsung Galaxy Note (Gregory, 2010). The fact that the country has a well laid out judicial system is also important for the marketing of the new product. This is from the fact that there is control on the decisions that powerful politicians make. An example is a politician who may talk ill of the product and tell people not to purchase it. Such cases are few - the concept of freedom and independence is incorporated in the market and the fact of re-marketing a commodity is one that has been legalized in the country of late and of such Henkel would greatly benefit from the proceeds. One factor that may come as a disadvantage in the marketing of the product is with regard to the tax tariffs that the country has. Lately, Germany has set its tariffs very high in an effort to boost its economy. With the increased tariffs, the country will have reduced imports and – consequently – the goods within the country will increase in sales. With this, the standards ought to increase and make the economy of the country boost. The issue of

Implications of Complementary Jurisdiction in International Law Essay

Implications of Complementary Jurisdiction in International Law - Essay Example At the same time, the Trinidad and Tobago delegation’s proposal was not new because there draft criminal tribunal statutes in 1951 and 1953. The Rome Statute of the ICC is an important document establishing the International Criminal Court. The Statute was entered into force in 2002. One important principle in the Rome Statute of the ICC is the principle of complementary jurisdiction. The principle of complementary jurisdiction or â€Å"complementarity principle† means that the International Criminal Court, hereinafter simply called as the â€Å"Court†, â€Å"can only investigate and prosecute core international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide) when national jurisdiction are unable or unwilling to do so genuinely.† Morten Bergsmo contrasted complementary jurisdiction from universal jurisdiction. According to Morten, universal jurisdiction â€Å"is a jurisdictional basis of last resort which a number of national crime justice system provide for, when core international crimes can not be prosecuted on the basis of the principle of territoriality (in the state where the crimes occurred), active nationality (in the state of the alleged perpetrator) or passive nationality (in the state of the victim).† According to Bergsmo, â€Å"in its pure form, universal jurisdiction enables the prosecution of core international crimes committed in a foreign state, by a foreign citizen, against foreign victims, when neither has a personal link to the forum state.†... the state of the alleged perpetrator) or passive nationality (in the state of the victim).†3 According to Bergsmo, â€Å"in its pure form, universal jurisdiction enables the prosecution of core international crimes committed in a foreign state, by a foreign citizen, against foreign victims, when neither has a personal link to the forum state.† 4 Nevertheless, universal jurisdiction â€Å"plays a small, but very significant, role in the new and still developing framework of international criminal law.†5 Hall said that universal jurisdiction performs at least two important roles in complementary jurisdiction: as a catalyst for investigations and prosecutions both at the national and international levels and for addressing impunities that cannot be addressed by complementary jurisdiction alone.6 II. Complementary Jurisdiction as Implied in the Rome Statute of the ICC The notion of complementary jurisdiction has been a concerned in the last 20 years.7 Based on the wor k of Oscar Solera, the notion of complementary jurisdiction emerged because punishment of international crimes is essential to world peace but it is not only the international court that has the jurisdiction and competence to try criminals but also the domestic courts.8 According to Solera, the question of complementary jurisdiction was only addressed â€Å"in depth† since the 1980s. The issue of complementary jurisdiction was one of the thorny points in the creation of the international criminal court as it was included several times in the agenda â€Å"but was not taken up by any specific working group in its agenda and was thus left to the Committee of the Whole.†9 Solera pointed out that the concept of complementary jurisdiction â€Å"was finally accepted as proposed by the Preparatory Committee and explicitly

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Every individual has times in their life where they feel isolated and alone. When this occurrs a person will search for ways to connect or feel important.. The person will do anything they can to be noticed and appreciated. In the novel, Famous All Over Town, by Danny Santiago the main character, Chato, has many reasons to feel lonely. In almost every aspect of his life he is being let down in one way or another. He has to try to deal with a family on the brink of falling apart, he has to go to a school which doesn't teach anything "fun," and he has friends that are a bad influence on him. The novel reveals how he has to endure hardships, most of us do not have, to get through a day. By the end of the novel the reader begins to understand why Chato starts to write on buildings all over town. For most individuals the home is a safe dependable environment when the world seems to be threatening. Ideally, family members support one another. This is not the case with Chato. His home is a place where he feels the most isolated. One reason he might feel this way is because of all the secrets that are being kept in his home. What bothers Chato the most is the secret his sister, Lena, is keeping from everyone but their mother. He wants to know from his sister the identity of the man who is hiding his suitcase in their shed. She lies to Chato and tells him that the man is just a friend, but Chato finds out the truth. When he does, Lena isn't very happy with him and she says, "Your're a snot nosed metiche. Get out of my life." She continues, "And don't expect me to kiss your ass!'É..'Go ahead and tell my father you little snitch baby.'"(l0l) Maybe if the family was more supportive of one another they wouldn't find it necessary to keep se... ...him down. She might have written more paragraphs on each of her main points. There are many more examples in the novel. She had more thoroughly EXPLAINED how each of the direct quotations and situations she used showed that Chato was being let down and how he felt about it. The reader could have gained MORE insight into Chato's life. I wanted to hear more about the relationship between Chato and his family. I wanted to know more about WHY his sister was keeping secrets, and why Chato was so let down by her calling him a little "snitch." It all sounded pretty much like ordinary bickering between a brother and a sister to me. I wanted her to better explain WHY Chato was being let down.Overall, I just wanted to know MORE. She needed to develop each of these examples more fully. She needed to get more "into" the feelings of Chato and explain them to her reader. Â  

Hall of Fame (Essay/Response)

Earlier in the year I presented a speech that was about believing in yourself and pursuing your dreams. Shortly after I did that, a song called ‘The Hall Of Fame’ by a band called The Script, featuring a rapper from the pop group The Black Eyed Peas, Will. I. Am, was released on the 19th of August 2012, and has been in the Top 100 Billboard charts since then. The lyrics in this song really motivates me in so many ways, and just inspires me to reach higher, and strive harder everyday. The three phrases that were used repeatedly in these song lyrics were ‘You can’, ‘You Could’, and ‘Do it’.These constant sayings in the song are the words that motivate me the most. ‘You can’, because you can do anything. â€Å"You can be the greatest, You can be the best, You can be the king kong banging on your chest. †, are the first 3 lyrics that are sung, telling you that if you want to be somewhere great in your life, you can a chieve it. That ‘can’ is letting you know that it is possible, anything is possible, and that it is achievable. ‘You could’, because with your belief, you could achieve the greatest record, with your belief. You could go the distance, You could run the mile, You could walk straight through hell with a smile. † These are another 3 lyrics that are sung in the second verse of the song. This ‘could’ Is telling you the possibilities that are open for you to take a chance in, letting you know that the world records that you think can never be broken, could be broken, with your effort & faith. ‘Do it’, because you only live once, and may never get the chance again. â€Å"Do it for your people, Do it for your pride†¦ Do it for your country, Do it for your name. The ‘Do it’ is telling you to make your people proud, to prove your haters wrong, and to do it for yourself, your diginity. â€Å"Dedicate yourself and you can find yourself standing in the hall of fame. † In my personal opinion, it’s one thing if you have a dream and want to pursue it, but you have to dedicate yourself. Working hard at not what you want, but what you need. This lyric lets me know that if I believe in something, put my best efforts into it, and keep a smile on my face, with great possibility I can be standing in the hall of fame.When they say ‘Standing In the Hall Of Fame’, I don’t necessarily think it means being a celebrity or being famous, but being the best you can be, in a ‘hall’ as they like to call it, which to my imagination, is a hallway filled with records broken, and names to remember. The reason why I like this song so much is that I can easily relate it to my normal life. And I’m sure not only mine, but to plenty others too. It makes me feel better about myself in such a way that I know that anything is possible.Everyone has a goal, or a dream whether i t’s losing a few pounds for summer or breaking and Olympic record, everyone has one. Having a goal is the greatest way to get somewhere you want, because a goal paints a picture in your mind of what you want and need, and I can honestly say that when I picture myself being onstage, and daydream about working with my favourite producers, it gives me an motivational boost that tells me, ‘it’s possible. ’ But imagining things isn’t the only way I can keep motivated, listening to music keeps me motivated.And with this particular song being released, it is a mash of the two, which is why it’s so inspirational to me, and it’s also why I am writing a response to it at this moment. â€Å"Be students Be teachers Be politicians Be preachers Be believers Be leaders Be astronauts Be champions Be true seekers† This repetition is what caught my ears the most in this song. That persuasive ‘Be’ makes you just want to get up and do something. The vocals they use in the song while singing these enhance even more, it’s as if they are chanting for you to do it, it makes you feel like you’re in a stadium having people cheer you on to pursue your dream.It’s giving you that motivation and support which you might not be able to find at home or at school. One last thing I would like to elaborate on, is when the lyric reads, ‘Don’t wait for luck. ’ It’s pretty much a way of saying, don’t be lazy. Which is an excellent example of why teenagers today aren’t achieving much. It’s because they get lazy. I’ve met so many people around my age who have huge dreams and goals, but they never get anywhere because they are just waiting for something to happen. In order to get what you want, you need to fight.

US Federal Government Gasoline Tax Since 1933

The gas tax was first imposed by the federal government in 1932 at a mere 1 cent per gallon. It has increased 10 times since President Herbert Hoover authorized the creation of such a tax to balance the budget. Drivers now pay 18.4 cents a gallon in the federal gas tax. First authorized by Congress in 1932 to help balance the federal budget, the federal gas tax is now used to pay for building and maintaining interstate highways and bridges. In addition to the federal tax, each state adds its own tax to every gallon of gas sold in the state. Revenue from the federal gas tax is pumped into the Highway Trust Fund (HTF). The HTF funds federal and state infrastructure projects for roads, bridges and public transportation systems. Each state collects, manages, and decides how to spend its state gas tax revenue. Here are the gas tax rates per gallon through the years, according to U.S. Department of Transportation and Congressional Research Service reports: 1 cent - June 1932 through May 1933 Hoover authorized the first ever gas tax as a way to close an anticipated $2.1 billion federal deficit in the fiscal year 1932, a time of severe depression when the government saw revenue in steep decline. According to the Congressional Research Service report The Federal Excise Tax on Gasoline and the Highway Trust Fund: A Short History by Louis Alan Talley, the government raised $124.9 million from the gas tax in the fiscal year 1933, which represented 7.7 percent of the total Internal Revenue collection of $1.620 billion from all sources. 1.5 cents - June 1933 through December 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, signed by Hoover, extended the original gas tax and increased it to 1.5 cents. 1 cent - January 1934 through June 1940 The Revenue Act of 1934 rescinded the half-cent gas tax increase. 1.5 cents - July 1940 through October 1951 Congress raised the gas tax by half a cent in 1940, just before the United States entered World War II, to help boost national defense. It also made the gas tax permanent in 1941. 2 cents - November 1951 through June 1956 The Revenue Act of 1951 increased the gas tax to generate additional revenue after the Korean War began. 3 cents - July 1956 through September 1959 The Highway Revenue Act of 1956 established the federal Highway Trust Fund to pay for the construction of an Interstate System, Talley wrote, as well as financing primary, secondary and urban routes. The gas tax was hiked to help generate revenue for the projects. 4 cents - October 1959 through March 1983 The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1959 boosted the gas tax by 1 cent. 9 cents - April 1983 through December 1986 In the largest single gas tax increase, President Ronald Reagan authorized a 5 cent hike in the rate spelled out in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which helped to fund both highway construction and mass transit systems across the country. 9.1 cents - January 1987 through August 1990 The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 tacked on a tenth of a cent to help pay for repairing leaking underground storage tanks. 9 cents - September 1990 through November 1990 The Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund had reached its revenue goal for the year and the gas tax was reduced by a tenth of a cent. 14.1 cents - December 1990 through September 1993 President George H. W. Bushs signature on the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, which was designed to help close the federal budget deficit, increased the gas tax by 5 cents. Half of the new gas tax revenue went to the Highway Trust Fund and the other went to deficit reduction, according to the Transportation Department. 18.4 cents - October 1993 through December 1995 The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, signed by President Bill Clinton, increased the gas tax by 4.3 cents to again reduce the federal deficit. None of the additional revenue was put into to the Highway Trust Fund, according to the Transportation Department. 18.3 cents - January 1996 through September 1997 The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, also signed by Clinton, redirected revenue from the 1993 gas tax increase of 4.3 cents to the Highway Trust Fund. The gas tax dropped a tenth of a cent because the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund expired. 18.4 cents - October 1997 through today A tenth of a cent was tacked back onto the gas tax because the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund was reinstated. Information on federal and state gasoline taxes, including the current federal and state gas tax rates, can be found on the website of the U.S. Energy Information Administration.